Abstract The seasonal variability of geotechnical parameters in the unsaturated zone is typically neglected in the design of geotechnical works. In most of the geotechnical projects the parameters are determined only for the saturated condition. Although it is known that this condition is the most critical to soil strength and deformability, this conservative approach may neglect a possible important contribution of the unsaturated condition, resulting in an increase in the cost of the geotechnical solution. This paper presents and discusses the site characterization of the active zone of an unsaturated sandy soil profile under different suction conditions. Laboratory tests with controlled suction (retention curves, triaxial compression with bender elements and oedometer tests) were carried out on undisturbed samples collected from 1.0 to 5.0 m depth. The results show that strength and deformability parameters are strongly affected by soil suction and are less influenced by confinement stress up to 5.0 m depth. All the investigated subsoil profile shows a collapsible behavior, more pronounced closer to the ground surface and under the effect of higher suction values. The findings highlight the importance of incorporating the suction influence in the site investigation, parameter determination, and geotechnical design for more economical, reliable, and environmentally sustainable solutions.

Este trabajo presenta resultados de fisuración bajo tensión realizados con geomembranas (GM) de polietileno de alta densidad (HDPE). Las pruebas de tensión fueron realizados de acuerdo a la norma ASTM D5397: Notched Constant Tensile Load Test (NCTL) and Single Point-Notched Constant Tensile Load Test (SP-NCTL). Estos ensayos fueron realizados en muestras de control a 50 º C (ensayo padrón) y a 70 º C (condición acelerada) para comparar valores de fisuración bajo tensión. Los resultados de estos ensayos acelerados (NCTL) mostraron una economía total de 390 h (comparando etapas de carga de 25% de la tensión de ruptura) para los ensayos realizados.

This paper presents results of stress cracking tests performed in high density polyethylene (HDPE) geomembranes (GM). Stress cracking tests were performed in accordance to ASTM D5397: Notched Constant Tensile Load Test (NCTL) and Single Point-Notched Constant Tensile Load Test (SP-NCTL). Tests were conducted to the fresh sample at 50ºC (standard test) and at 70ºC (accelerated condition) in order to compare the SC values. Results from accelerated tests (NCTL) showed, for instance, a total economy of 390 hours (comparing load stages of 25% yield stress) to perform the tests.

This paper presents results describing the physical, mechanical, and thermal properties (melt flow index - MFI and oxidative induction time - OIT) of high density polyethylene and poly (vinyl chloride) after weathering exposure (6, 12, 18, and 30 months). The materials exposed were geomembranes of two thicknesses: 1.0 and 2.0 mm (PVC) and 0.8 and 2.5 mm (HDPE). The climate parameters (average) obtained were 25 ºC (temperature), 93 mm (precipitation), 66% (relative humidity), and 19 MJ/m².day (intensity of global radiation). Some results showed, for instance, that the behavior of the geomembranes changed after the exposures. A few minor variations in physical properties occurred. The density and thickness, for instance, varied 0.5-1.0% (average) for both the PVC and HDPE geomembranes. The mechanical properties changed as a function of the period of exposure. In general, some decreases were verified by the deformation of PVC. The samples became more rigid. In contrast, HDPE geomembranes became more ductile. Despite the variations in elasticity, some increases in deformability were verified. An MFI test showed some degradation in HDPE geomembranes. OIT tests revealed small values for both intact and exposed samples.

Membranas impermeabilizantes de polietileno de alta densidade (PEAD) são utilizadas como revestimento em tanques de armazenamento de vinhaça (resíduo da cana-de-açúcar), onde esse resíduo é lançado a temperaturas médias de 80-90 °C. Devido a essas temperaturas elevadas e à acidez do resíduo, essas membranas podem degradar, fissurar e perder a função para a qual foram projetadas vindo a contaminar o solo e o lençol freático. Este trabalho avaliou o efeito da vinhaça em membranas de PEAD após 4 meses de exposição em ambiente controlado. De forma complementar, utilizou-se também um líquido agressivo de pH básico (soda cáustica). Objetivou-se avaliar a resistência da membrana em contato com esses resíduos (ácido e básico). Foram avaliadas as propriedades físicas, mecânicas, teor de negro de fumo e análise termogravimétrica (TGA) para quantificar a degradação das membranas poliméricas frente aos resíduos químicos utilizados. Os resultados mostram, por exemplo, que enquanto a soda cáustica provocou pequena variação nas propriedades físicas, a vinhaça alterou a espessura do material em 7,8%. Analisando-se a imersão na vinhaça, verificou-se uma diminuição média na resistência e deformabilidade (escoamento) de 34% e 23,5%, respectivamente. Houve um aumento médio na rigidez de 7,8% e uma pequena diminuição na resistência média ao rasgo (2,7%).

High-density polyethylene (HDPE) water-proof membranes are used as coatings in vinasse (leachate from sugar cane) storage tanks. The leachate is pumped into the tanks at temperatures of 80-90 °C. Due to these high temperatures and acidity of the waste, these membranes can be degraded, cracked and then loose the function for which they have been designed. This may cause contamination of the soil and groundwater. This study evaluated the effect of vinasse in HDPE membranes after 4 months of exposure in a controlled environment. An aggressive, alkaline pH liquid (sodium hydroxide) was also used. The objective was to evaluate the membrane resistance in contact with acidic and alkaline residues. Physical and mechanical tests, measurement of the carbon black content and thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA) were used to determine degradation of polymer membranes after chemical immersion. While sodium hydroxide resulted caused only minor changes in the physical properties, vinasse induced a thickness change of 7.8%. With immersion in vinasse, an average decrease in strength and deformability (yield) of 34% and 23.5% were measured, respectively. The stiffness increased by 7.8% (average) and the tear strength decreased by 2.7% (average).